Massilia litorea sp. nov., Marinobacter salinisoli sp. nov. and Rhodobacter xanthinilyticus sp. nov., isolated from coastal environments.

Three bacterial strains, namely LPB0304T, LPB0319T and LPB0142T, were isolated from coastal environments. The 16S rRNA gene sequences of the three isolates were found to show the highest sequence similarities to Massilia litorea (98.44 %), Marinobacter salinisoli (97.55 %) and Rhodobacter lacus (97.60 %), respectively. The low (<98.7 %) sequence similarities and tree topologies implied the novelty of the three isolates, representing novel genomic species of the genus Massilia, Marinobacter and Rhodobacter. Numerous biochemical and physiological features also supported the distinctiveness of the isolates from previously known species. Based on the phenotypic and phylogenetic data presented in this study, three novel species are suggested with the following names: Massilia litorea sp. nov. (LPB0304T=KACC 21523T=ATCC TSD-216T), Marinobacter salinisoli sp. nov. (LPB0319T=KACC 21522T=ATCC TSD-218T) and Rhodobacter xanthinilyticus sp. nov. (LPB0142T=KACC 18892T=JCM 31567T).

A Half-Day Genome Sequencing Protocol for Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus.

Recent coronavirus (CoV) outbreaks, including that of Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), have presented a threat to public health worldwide. A primary concern in these outbreaks is the extent of mutations in the CoV, and the content of viral variation that can be determined only by whole genome sequencing (WGS). We aimed to develop a time efficient WGS protocol, using universal primers spanning the entire MERS-CoV genome. MERS and synthetic Neoromicia capensis bat CoV genomes were successfully amplified using our developed PCR primer set and sequenced with MinION. All experimental and analytical processes took 6 h to complete and were also applied to synthetic animal serum samples, wherein the MERS-CoV genome sequence was completely recovered. Results showed that the complete genome of MERS-CoV and related variants could be directly obtained from clinical samples within half a day. Consequently, this method will contribute to rapid MERS diagnosis, particularly in future CoV epidemics.

Poseidonibacter parvus sp. nov., isolated from a squid.

A Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, short rod-shaped, motile, brownish-coloured bacterium, termed strain LPB0137T, was isolated from a squid. Its cells could grow weakly on marine agar 2216 with 0.04 % 2,3,5-triphenyl tetrazolium chloride (TTC). Each cell of strain LPB0137T has a circular chromosome with a length of 2.87 Mb and 27.7 mol% DNA G+C content. The genome includes 2698 protein-coding genes and six rRNA operons. In 16S rRNA gene sequence trees, strain LPB0137T formed a robust monophyletic clade with Poseidonibacter antarcticus SM1702T with a sequence similarity of 98.3 %. However, the average nucleotide identity and in silico DNA-DNA hybridization values between the two type strains were low (83.9 and 28.1 %, respectively). The overall phenotypic and genomic features of strain LPB0137T supported its assignment to the genus Poseidonibacter. However, the relatively low gene and genome sequence similarity between this strain and other type strains of the genus Poseidonibacter and several enzymatic characteristics indicated the taxonomic novelty of the isolated strain as a new member of the genus Poseidonibacter. Therefore, based on the phylogenetic and phenotypic characteristics of LPB0137T, we proposed a novel species of the genus Poseidonibacter for it, with the name Poseidonibacter parvus sp. nov. The type strain of this new species is thus LPB0137T (=KACC 18888T=JCM 31548T).

Gemmobacter aquarius sp. nov., Runella rosea sp. nov. and Flavobacterium fluviale sp. nov., isolated from the Namhangang River system.

Three bacterial strains, namely HYN0069T, HYN0085T and HYN0086T, were isolated from freshwater samples taken from the Namhangan River system in Korea. 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities and phylogenetic tree topologies indicated that the three strains belonged to the genera Gemmobacter, Runella and Flavobacterium by showing the highest sequence similarities with Gemmobacter straminiformis (98.4 %), Runella aurantiaca (98.3 %) and Flavobacterium chungangense (98.1 %). No bacterial species with validly published names showed 98.7 % or higher sequence similarity with the novel isolates. The average nucleotide identities between the genome sequences of the three new isolates and the three closest neighbours were 80.2-92.0 %, all below the threshold for bacterial species delineation (95-96 %). Many biochemical and physiological features also discriminated the isolates from previously known species of the genera Gemmobacter, Runella and Flavobacterium. Based on the phylogenetic and phenotypic data presented in this study, we suggest three novel species with the following names: Gemmobacter aquarius sp. nov. (type strain HYN0069T=KACC 19488T=NBRC 113115T), Runella rosea sp. nov. (type strain HYN0085T=KACC 19490T=NBRC 113116T) and Flavobacterium fluviale sp. nov. (type strain HYN0086T=KACC 19489T=NBRC 113117T).

Mucilaginibacter celer sp. nov. and Aquirhabdus parva gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from freshwater.

Two novel bacteria, designated HYN0043T and HYN0046T, were isolated from a freshwater lake in Korea. 16S rRNA gene sequence phylogeny indicated that strain HYN0043T belongs to the genus Mucilaginibacter of the family Sphingobacteriaceae because it showed highest sequence similarity to Mucilaginibacter oryzae (98.2 %). The average nucleotide identity between strain HYN0043T and M. oryzae was 83.5 %, which is clearly below the suggested threshold for species demarcation. Strain HYN0046T was found to belong to the family Moraxellaceae and shared highest sequence similarity with Agitococcus lubricus (93.8 %). The average amino acid identity values between strain HYN0046T and representative type strains of closely related genera (Alkanindiges, Agitococcus and Acinetobacter) were 53.1-60.7 %, implying the novelty of the isolate at the genus level. Phenotypic characteristics (physiological, biochemical and chemotaxonomic) also supported the taxonomic novelty of the two isolates. Thus, we suggest the following names to accommodate strains HYN0043T and HYN0046T: Mucilaginibacter celer sp. nov. (type strain HYN0043T=KACC 19184T=NBRC 112738T) in the family Spingobacteriaceae and phylum Bacteroidetes and Aquirhabdus parva gen. nov., sp. nov. (type strain HYN0046T=KACC 19178T=NBRC 112739T) in the family Moraxellaceae and phylum Proteobacteria.

Urechidicola croceus gen. nov., sp. nov., a member of the family Flavobacteriaceae.

A Gram-stain-negative, rod-shaped, non-flagellated, non-gliding, aerobic bacterial strain, designated LPB0138T, was isolated from a marine spoon worm (Urechis unicinctus). The strain LPB0138T contains a circular chromosome of 3.43 Mb with a DNA G+C content of 30.4 mol%. The genome includes 2987 protein-coding genes and two copies of rRNA operons. The 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis showed that the isolate occurred within a clade containing only members of the family Flavobacteriaceae. The highest sequence similarity was observed with the genus Lutibacter (93.0-94.3 %), but the phylogenetic leaf of the new isolate did not belong to any of the genera known in the family Flavobacteriaceae. The low sequence similarity and the phylogenetic tree topology implied the novel generic status of the new isolate. The phenotypic properties of the strain LPB0138T also differentiated this isolate from its neighbour genera by showing a distinctive fatty acid composition, unique polar lipids profile, and low DNA G+C content. The LPB0138T strain contained menaquinone 6 as the isoprenoid quinone; iso-C15 : 1 G, iso-C15 : 0, iso-C15 : 0 3-OH, and iso-C17 : 0 3-OH as the major fatty acids; and phosphatidylethanolamine, unidentified aminophospholipids, unidentified aminolipids, and unidentified lipids as the major polar lipids. Based on the polyphasic taxonomic data obtained, the LPB0138T strain is considered to represent a novel species in a novel genus of the family Flavobacteriaceae, for which the name Urechidicola croceus gen. nov., sp. nov. was proposed. The type strain is LPB0138T (=KACC 18889T;=JCM 31563T).

Sphingorhabdus lutea sp. nov., isolated from sea water.

A Gram-stain-negative, yellow-pigmented, aerobic bacterial strain, designated LPB0140T, was isolated from sea water. The 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity analysis demonstrated that the closest relative of the isolate is Sphingorhabdus contaminans (96.4 %), but the new isolate formed an independent phyletic line within the genus Sphingorhabdus. Its genome is composed of a circular chromosome of 2.53 Mb with DNA G+C content of 46.1 mol%. The genome includes 2359 protein-coding genes, and two copies of rRNA operons. Strain LPB0140T possessed C14 : 0 2-OH, C16 : 1ω7c and/or C16 : 1ω6c, and C18 : 1ω7c and/or C18 : 1ω6c as the major cellular fatty acids and Q-10 as the isoprenoid quinone. The major polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol, and sphingoglycolipid, but phosphatidylmonomethylethanolamine and phosphatidyldimethylethanolamine were also detected as minor polar lipids. The chemotaxonomic properties and enzymatic activities of the novel isolate clearly differed from those of its closest relatives. Thus, based on the phylogenetic and phenotypic data presented in this study, strain LPB0140T should be classified as a novel species in the genus Sphingorhabdus. The type strain is LPB0140T (=KACC18891T=JCM31568T).

Limnobaculum parvum gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from a freshwater lake.

A Gram-stain-negative, rod-shaped, facultatively anaerobic bacterium, designated as strain HYN0051T, was isolated from lake water. 16S rRNA gene sequence analyses indicated that the isolate shares the highest sequence similarity with the genus Pragia (97.1 %) of the family Enterobacteriaceae. Strain HYN0051T did not form a rigid clade with the genus Pragia in any of the phylogenetic trees, demonstrating the novel generic status of the isolate. The genome of strain HYN0051T (CP029185) is a single circular chromosome of 3.84 Mb. The major fatty acids detected were C14 : 0, C16 : 0, summed feature 2 (C12 : 0 aldehyde and/or unknown 10.928), summed feature 3 (C16 : 1ω6c and/or C16 : 1ω7c) and summed feature 8 (C18 : 1ω6c and/or C18 : 1ω7c). The isoprenoid quinones were Q-8, MK-8 and DMK-8. The major polar lipids were phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine and one unidentified phospholipid. The genome size, G+C content and fatty acid profile were very similar to that of the genus Pragia, but the composition of isoprenoid quinones and polar lipids, and numerous phenotypic properties also supported the distinctiveness of the new isolate from the genus Pragia. Thus, based on phylogenetic and phenotypic data, a novel species of a new genus, Limnobaculum parvum gen. nov., sp. nov., is proposed. The type strain of Limnobaculum parvum is HYN0051T (=KACC 19186T=NBRC 112742T).

Phenylobacterium parvum sp. nov., isolated from lake water.

A Gram-stain-negative, rod-shaped and aerobic bacterium, designated HYN0004T, was isolated from lake water. The strain grew at 15-35 °C and pH 7.0-9.0 on R2A. The isoprenoid quinone was Q10 and major polar lipids were phosphatidylglycerol and one unidentified glycolipid. The genome was 2.83 Mb with a DNA G+C content of 69.9 mol%. 16S rRNA gene sequence analyses revealed that HYN0004T represented a member of the genus Phenylobacterium and shared sequence similarities with Phenylobacterium conjunctum (97.8 %), Phenylobacterium koreense (97.5 %), Phenylobacterium aquaticum (97.2 %), and Phenylobacteriumheamatophilum (97.0 %). In addition to the low sequence similarities, the phylogenetic tree shapes indicated that HYN0004Trepresents an independent species of this genus. The genomic and phenotypic properties, including small genome size, inability to carry out numerous enzymatic reactions and high ratio of C18 : 1ω6c and/or C18 : 1ω7c in fatty acids, verified the differentiation between HYN0004T and related species. Thus, we propose a novel species of the genus Phenylobacterium, named as Phenylobacterium parvum sp. nov. The type strain is HYN0004T (=KACC 19185T=NBRC 112736T).

Flavobacterium magnum sp. nov., Flavobacterium pallidum sp. nov., Flavobacterium crocinum sp. nov. and Flavobacterium album sp. nov.

Four new limnic bacterial strains, namely HYN0048T, HYN0049T, HYN0056T and HYN0059T, were isolated from two lakes in the Nakdong River water system in Korea. 16S rRNA gene sequence analyses indicated that strains HYN0048T, HYN0049T, HYN0056T and HYN0059T belonged to the genus Flavobacterium by showing the highest sequence similarities with the type strains of F. soli (94.9 %), F. keumense (95.1 %), F. dispersum (97.7 %) and F. hauense (97.6 %), respectively. The low sequence similarities and tree topologies implied the novelty of the four isolates, as novel genomic species of the genus Flavobacterium. Numerous physiological and biochemical features also supported the distinctiveness of the isolates from previously known bacterial species. On the basis of the phylogenetic and phenotypic data presented in this study, four novel species are suggested with the following names: Flavobacterium magnum sp. nov. (type strain HYN0048T=KACC 19180T=NBRC 112740T), Flavobacterium pallidum sp. nov. (HYN0049T=KACC 19181T=NBRC 112741T), Flavobacterium crocinum sp. nov. (HYN0056T=KACC 19182T=NBRC 112743T) and Flavobacterium album sp. nov. (HYN0059T=KACC 19183T=NBRC 112744T).

Gramella salexigens sp. nov., isolated from seawater.

A Gram-stain-negative, rod-shaped, aerobic bacterial strain, designated LPB0144T was isolated from the seawater of South Sea, Korea. The 16S rRNA gene sequence was found to share the highest sequence similarity to Gramella sediminilitoris GHTF-27T (97.7 %) and the strain branched within the radiation of the genus Gramella in phylogenetic trees. Thus, the taxonomic position of the novel isolate was investigated using a polyphasic approach and complete genome sequencing. Strain LPB0144T has a circular chromosome of 2.98 Mb with DNA G+C content of 38.2 mol%. The genome includes 2604 protein-coding genes and three copies of rRNA operons. The detected respiratory quinone (MK-6) and the major polar lipid (phosphatidylethanolamine) resemble the chemotaxonomic profile of other Gramella species. The major cellular fatty acid profile (iso-C15 : 0, iso-C16 : 0, iso-C17 : 0 3-OH and anteiso-C15 : 0) is also within the range of Gramella, but detailed composition and amounts were found to be different from those of closely related neighbours. Many biochemical and physiological characteristics also distinguished the isolate from other species within the genus Gramella. On the basis of polyphasic taxonomic data obtained here, we propose strain LPB0144T as a novel Gramella species, for which the name Gramella salexigens sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is LPB0144T (=KACC 18894T=JCM 31560T).

Tenacibaculum todarodis sp. nov., isolated from a squid.

A Gram-stain-negative, rod-shaped, aerobic bacterial strain, designated LPB0136T, was isolated from a squid Todarodes pacificus, caught in the East Sea, off Korea. LPB0136T contained a circular chromosome of 3.02 Mb with a DNA G+C content of 30.7 mol%. The genome included 2726 protein-coding genes and three copies of rRNA operons. Phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequence indicated that this isolate represents a member of the genus Tenacibaculum with an independent genomic species status, showing sequence similarities of 95.9 % to Tenacibaculum aestuarii SMK-4T and Tenacibaculum caenipelagi HJ-26MT. The detected respiratory quinone (MK-6) and major polar lipid (phosphatidylethanolamine) were similar to the chemotaxonomic profile of other species of the genus Tenacibaculum. The major cellular fatty acids profile (iso-C15 : 0, iso-C15 : 0 3-OH and iso-C15 : 0G) was also similar to those of members of genus Tenacibaculum, but the contents and amounts differed from those of closely related neighbours. Many biochemical and physiological characteristics also distinguished the isolate from other species within the genus Tenacibaculum. On the basis of the pholyphasic taxonomic data determined in this study, strain LPB0136T represents a novel species of the genus Tenacibaculum, for which the name Tenacibaculum todarodis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is LPB0136T (=KACC 18887T=JCM 31564T).

Paenibacillus crassostreae sp. nov., isolated from the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas.

A Gram-stain-positive, endospore-forming, rod-shaped, aerobic bacterium, designated LPB0068T, was isolated from a Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) in Korea. This isolate was found to share the highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity with Paenibacillus macquariensis subsp. macquariensis DSM 2T (98.1 %) and Paenibacillus macquariensis subsp. defensor JCM 14954T (98.0 %). To establish the genomic relatedness of this isolate to its phylogenetic neighbours, its genome sequence and those of Paenibacillus antarcticus CECT 5836T, P. macquariensis subsp. macquariensis DSM 2T, P. macquariensis subsp. defensor JCM 14954T, and Paenibacillus glacialis DSM 22343T were determined. The low average nucleotide identity and digital DNA-DNA hybridization values exhibited by LPB0068T in relation to the other strains in this analysis revealed that it is distinct from other Paenibacillus species. The genome of strain LPB0068T consists of one chromosome and three circular plasmids, and had a DNA G+C content of 40.0 mol%. The major respiratory quinone was menaquinone-7 and the diagnostic diamino acid in the cell-wall peptidoglycan was meso-diaminopimelic acid. The major polar lipids consisted of phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, one unidentified phospholipid, one unidentified glycolipid, and two unidentified polar lipids. The major cellular fatty acids were anteiso-C15 : 0, C14 : 0, and C16 : 0. Based on genomic, phylogenetic, and phenotypic characteristics, this strain was clearly distinguished from other Paenibacillus species with validly published names and should therefore be classified as a novel species of the genus. The name Paenibacillus crassostreae sp. nov. is proposed, the type strain of which is LPB0068T (=KACC 18694T=JCM 31183T).

Hydrogenophaga crassostreae sp. nov., isolated from a Pacific oyster.

A Gram-negative, motile, rod-shaped, and aerobic bacterial strain, designated LPB0072T, was isolated from a Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas). Autotrophic growth with hydrogen gas was not observed. Cells oxidized thiosulfate to sulfate and reduced nitrate to nitrite. The complete genome sequence of strain LPB0072T (CP017476) is 4.94 Mb in length and contains 4459 protein-coding genes, with a G+C content of 61.3 mol%. Analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequence indicated that strain LPB0072T belongs to the genus Hydrogenophaga, with greatest sequence similarity to the type strain of Hydrogenophaga taeniospiralis (97.5 %). The isoprenoid quinone (Q-8) and the major cellular fatty acids (C16 : 1ω7c and/or C16 : 1ω6c, C16 : 0 and C17 : 1ω6c) identified were concordant with the chemotaxonomic properties of the genus Hydrogenophaga. The average nucleotide identities with closely related species were below the suggested boundary for species delineation, indicating that the isolate is a novel species. Numerous physiological and biochemical features also distinguished the isolate from other known Hydrogenophaga species. Based on the polyphasic data presented in this study, strain LPB0072T should be classified as a novel species in the genus Hydrogenophaga, and the name Hydrogenophaga crassostreae sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is LPB0072T (=KACC 18705T=JCM 31188T).

Thalassotalea crassostreae sp. nov., isolated from Pacific oyster.

A Gram-staining-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped bacterial strain, designated LPB0090T, was isolated from the Pacific oyster, Crassostreagigas, collected from the Yeongheung Island, Korea (37° 15' 16.1″ N; 126° 29' 46.5″ E). The complete genome sequence of LPB0090T (accession number CP017689) was 3 861 670 bp long with a DNA G+C content of 38.8 mol%. The genome included 3245 protein-coding genes and six copies of rRNA operons. On the basis of the results of 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, LPB0090T was found to form an independent phyletic line within the genus Thalassotalea, with 94.7-96.0 % sequence similarities to the previously known species of the genus. The isoprenoid quinone (Q-8) and major fatty acids (C16 : 0, C17 : 1 ω8c, and C16 : 1 ω7c and/or C16 : 1 ω6c) of the isolate were similar to those of the other members of the genus Thalassotalea. A number of phenotypic features, however, distinguished LPB0090T from its closest neighbour Thalassotalea ponticola as well as other species of the genus Thalassotalea. On the basis of the phylogenetic, genomic and phenotypic data presented in this study, the strain was classified as representing a novel species of the genus Thalassotalea. Therefore, the name Thalassotalea crassostreae sp. nov. is proposed for the isolate. The type strain is LPB0090T (=KACC 18695T=JCM 31189T).

Flavobacterium crassostreae sp. nov., isolated from Pacific oyster.

A yellow, rod-shaped, Gram-reaction-negative bacterial strain, designated LPB0076T, was isolated from a Pacific oyster. Results of 16S rRNA gene sequence analyses indicated that the strain represented a member of the genus Flavobacterium. It had the highest sequence similarity to the type strains of Flavobacterium frigidarium (97.6 %) and Flavobacterium omnivorum (97.0 %), and its similarities with all other species of the genus Flavobacterium were below 97.0 %. Its genome size (3.02 Mb), DNA G+C content (36.0 mol%), predominant cellular fatty acids (anteiso-C15 : 0, iso-C15 : 0 and C16 : 1ω7c and/or C17 : 1ω6c), and major polar lipid (phosphatidylethanolamine) were similar to those described previously for members of the genus Flavobacterium. In contrast, a number of phenotypic characteristics, including the inability to grow microaerophilically, absence of flexirubin-type pigments and gliding motility and differences in enzymatic reactions, clearly distinguished LPB0076T from other species of the genus Flavobacterium. The polyphasic data presented in this study indicate that this isolate should be classified as representing a novel species of the genus Flavobacterium. The name Flavobacterium crassostreae sp. nov. is therefore proposed for the isolate, with the type strain being LPB0076T (=KACC 18706T=JCM 31219T).

Synonymy of Micropolyspora internatus and Saccharomonospora viridis and Emended Description of Saccharomonospora viridis.

Transfer of Micropolyspora internatus into the genus Saccharomonospora as "Saccharomonospora internatus comb. nov." was proposed by Kurup and Greiner-Mai, but the nomenclatural change has not been validly published. Although the inclusion of M. internatus in the genus Saccharomonospora has not being established, the synonymy of "Saccharomonospora internatus" and S. viridis was proposed by Greiner-Mai. A number of recent publications regarded M. internatus as a synonym of S. viridis, but the name M. internatus is still used in some cases instead of S. viridis. This is because of the complicated history of M. internatus and S. viridis, but it is different from the generally accepted view of prokaryotic taxonomy. To clearly verify the synonymy of M. internatus and S. viridis, a literature review and experimental verification were conducted in this study. Based on the genomic and phenotypic characteristics obtained in this study, the synonymy of the two species was obvious. The emended description of S. viridis is given.

Flavobacterium gilvum sp. nov., isolated from stream water.

A cream-coloured, non-gliding, aerobic Flavobacterium strain, designated EM1308T, was isolated from stream water. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis indicated that this isolate is closely related to Flavobacterium glycines NBRC 105008T (97.3 % similarity) and Flavobacterium piscis CCUG 60099T (97.2 %). To evaluate the genomic relatedness of the isolate with its neighbours, the whole genome sequences of strain EM1308T and the type strains of F. glycines and F. piscis were determined. Average nucleotide identities revealed that strain EM1308T is independent from other Flavobacterium species. The properties of major cellular fatty acids, polar lipids, menaquinone and DNA G+C content of the isolate were within the general range for the genus Flavobacterium, but many biochemical and physiological characteristics distinguished the isolate from previously known species. Thus, strain EM1308T represents a novel species of the genus Flavobacterium, for which the name Flavobacterium gilvum sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is EM1308T (=KACC 18113T=JCM 30144T).

Polaribacter vadi sp. nov., isolated from a marine gastropod.

A Gram-reaction-negative, non-motile, yellow-pigmented, NaCl-requiring bacterial strain, designated LPB0003T, was isolated from a marine gastropod, the granulated dogwhelk (Thais luteostoma). The complete genome sequence of strain LPB0003T (GenBank accession number CP017477), sized 3.81 Mb, had 3296 protein-coding genes. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis indicated that strain LPB0003T belongs to the genus Polaribacter within the family Flavobacteriaceae with sequence similarities of 95.3-97.8 % to other species of the genus Polaribacter. The average nucleotide identities with closely related species were not higher than 80 %. The isoprenoid quinone (MK-6) and DNA G+C content (29.6 mol%) of strain LPB0003T fell within the expected ranges for the genus Polaribacter. The major polar lipids of the isolate were phosphatidylethanolamine, two unidentified aminolipids, an unidentified phospholipid, an unidentified glycolipid, and two unidentified lipids. The predominant cellular fatty acids were iso-C15 : 0, iso-C15 : 0 3-OH, C16 : 1ω7c and/or C16 : 1ω6c (summed feature 3), and C15 : 1ω6c. Based on phylogenetic, genomic and phenotypic data presented in this study, strain LPB0003T should be classified as a novel species of the genus Polaribacter, for which the name Polaribacter vadi sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is LPB0003T (=KACC 18704T=JCM 31217T).

Cochleicola gelatinilyticus gen. nov., sp. nov., Isolated from a Marine Gastropod, Reichia luteostoma.

A yellow, rod-shaped, non-motile, gram-negative, and strictly aerobic bacterial strain, designated LPB0005(T), was isolated from a marine gastropod, Reichia luteostoma. Here the genome sequence was determined, which comprised 3,395,737 bp with 2,962 protein-coding genes. The DNA G+C content was 36.3 mol%. The 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis indicated that the isolate represents a novel genus and species in the family Flavobacteriaceae, with relatively low sequence similarities to other closely related genera. The isolate showed chemotaxonomic properties within the range reported for the family Flavobacteriaceae, but possesses many physiological and biochemical characteristics that distinguished it from species in the closely related genera Ulvibacter, Jejudonia, and Aureitalea. Based on phylogenetic, phenotypic, and genomic analyses, strain LPB0005(T) represents a novel genus and species, for which the name Cochleicola gelatinilyticus gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is LPB0005(T) (= KACC 18693(T) = JCM 31218(T)).